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christian science
Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices belonging to the metaphysical family of new religious movements. It was developed in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy, who argued in her book ''Science and Health'' (1875) that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone. The book became Christian Science's central text, along with the King James Bible, and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies.〔
Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter in 1879 to found the Church of Christ, Scientist, and in 1894 the Mother Church, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was built in Boston, Massachusetts.〔For the charter, Mary Baker Eddy, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 89th edition, 1908 (), pp. 17–18.〕 Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States, with nearly 270,000 members by 1936, a figure that had declined by 1990 to just over 100,000.〔(Stark 1998 ), pp. 190–191.〕 The church is known for its newspaper, the ''Christian Science Monitor'', which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002, and for its Reading Rooms, which are open to the public in around 1,200 cities.〔Linda K. Fuller, ''The Christian Science Monitor: An Evolving Experiment in Journalism'', Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. (175 ); ("Reading rooms" ), Christian Science.〕
Eddy described Christian Science as a return to "primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing."〔Bryan R. Wilson, "Christian Science," in ''Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961 (pp. 121–215), p. (125 ); Eddy, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', p. (17 ).〕 There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of other branches of Christianity.〔Wilson 1961, p. (124 ).〕 In particular, adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism, believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion.〔Wilson 1961, p. (127 ); Nicholas Rescher, "Idealism," in Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa (eds.), ''A Companion to Metaphysics'', Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 (), p. (318 ).〕 This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder, and that the sick should be treated not by medicine, but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health.〔Wilson 1961, p. (125 ); Margaret P. Battin, "High-Risk Religion: Christian Science and the Violation of Informed Consent," in Peggy DesAutels, Margaret P. Battin and Larry May (eds.), ''Praying for a Cure: When Medical and Religious Practices Conflict'', New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999, p. (11 ).〕
The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid all medical care – adherents use dentists, optometrists, obstetricians, physicians for broken bones, and vaccination when required by law – but maintains that Christian Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine.〔Rennie B. Schoepflin, ''Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America'', Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 192–193.
Mary M. Trammell (chair, Christian Science board of directors), ("Letter; What the Christian Science Church Teaches" ), ''The New York Times'', March 26, 2010.〕 Between the 1880s and 1990s the avoidance of medical treatment led to the deaths of several adherents and their children. Parents and others were prosecuted for, and in a few cases convicted of, manslaughter or neglect.〔Schoepflin 2003, pp. (212–216 ); Shawn Francis Peters, ''When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law'', New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. (91 ), 109–130.〕
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